In the last 40 years oral implants have become a natural part in prosthetic treatment options. Improved clinical results have been reported over the years, to part depending on better implant design and implant surface properties. Implant surfaces have in particular been modified with respect to topography and chemistry. The former minimally rough turned implant has been replaced by a moderately rough topography. Many of the moderately rough implants also includes added or spontaneously formed nanostructures. To further improve bone healing and maintenance of marginal bone level a combination of roughness and chemical alteration have been used. The majority of commercial oral implants are today moderately rough with or without chemical addition.
